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Goniothalamus flagellistylus Tagane & V. S. Dang (họ Na - Annonaceae), loài mới phát hiện ở núi Hòn Bà, Việt Nam

Cập nhật ngày 14/5/2015 lúc 4:35:00 PM. Số lượt đọc: 2000.

Loài mới Goniothalamus flagellistylus Tagane & V. S. Dang phát hiện tại núi Hòn Bà, Khu BTTN Hòn Bà, tỉnh Khánh Hòa, miền Nam Việt Nam được mô tả và minh họa trong bài báo này. Loài mới rất giống với Goniothalamus tortilipetalus M.R.Hend. nhưng có khác biệt cơ bản ở chỗ có đến 308-336 chỉ nhị (so với loài kia chỉ có 170-260) số noãn rồi mõi hoa là 120 nang quần (loài kia có 50-100) và núm nhụy cùng với nhụy giả dài 8,5mm (so với loài kia chỉ là 4-4,5mm).

Introduction

The genus Goniothalamus (Blume) Hook. f. & Thomson, with more than 130 species (Nakkhuntod et al. 2009, Tang et al. 2013), is one of the largest genera in the Annonaceae family. The species is characterized by mostly solitary, axillary and pendent flowers, two whorls of petals with inner petals smaller than the outer ones, the inner petals connivent and forming a distinctive dome over the stamens and carpels acting as a pollination chamber and stamens having apical connectives. Most species of Goniothalamus are distributed in lowland evergreen rain forests in Southeast Asia, extending from India to Australia, also in New Caledonia (Jessup 1986, Mat-Salleh 2001, Saunders 2002, Saunders 2003, Kundu 2006, Saunders and Munzinger 2007, Saunders and Chalermglin 2008, Turner and Saunders 2008). In Vietnam, the following 19 species of Goniothalamus are recorded: G. chartaceus H.L.Li, G. chinensis Merr. & Chun, G. donnaiensis Finet & Gagnep., G. elegans Ast, G. expansus Craib, G. gabriacianus (Baill.) Ast (Synonym, Goniothalamus saigonensis Pierre ex Finet & Gagnep.), G. gracilipes Bân, G. laoticus (Finet & Gagnep.) Bân, G. macrocalyx Bân, G. multiovulatus Ast, G. ninhianus Bân, G. takhtajanii Bân, G. tamirensis Pierre ex Finet & Gagnep., G. tenuifolius King, G. touranensis Ast, G. undulatus Ridl., G. vietnamensis Bân, G. wightii Hook.f. & Thomson and G. yunnanensis W.T.Wang (Finet and Gagnepain 1907, Hô 1999, Bân 2000).

During the botanical survey of Hon Ba Nature Reserve in South Vietnam, we encountered an undescribed species of Goniothalamus in Mt. Hon Ba at 400 m elevation. We here describe and illustrate this new species, Goniothalamus flagellistylus Tagane & V. S. Dang, sp. nov.

Materials and methods

Morphological observations

In order to verify the validity of this new species we undertook a thorough literature review, consulted specimens from the following herbaria FU, BKF, KYO, MBK and VNM, as well as online digitized plant specimens (e.g. JSTOR Global Plants).

The thickness of leaves, sepals and petals was measured using a digital caliper (Absolute Digimatic 547-401, Mitutoyo, Japan, resolution 0.001 mm).

DNA barcoding

For DNA isolation, leaf material was collected and desiccated using silica gel in the field. DNA was extracted using a modified CTAB method in which silica-dried leaves were ground in a TissueLyser (QIAGEN), and the powder washed five times with 1 mL buffer (0.1 M HEPES, pH 8.0; 2% mercaptoetanol; 1% PVP; 0.05 M ascorbic acid) before DNA extraction. We sequenced the partial genes for the large subunit ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (rbcL) and maturase K (matK), following published protocols (Kress et al. 2009; Dunning and Savolainen 2010).

Taxonomy

Goniothalamus flagellistylus Tagane & V. S. Dang, sp. nov.

Diagnosis

Similar to Goniothalamus tortilipetalus M.R.Hend., but differing from that species in having 308–336 stamens (vs. ca. 170–260) and ca.120 carpels (vs. ca. 50–100) per flower, and stigmas and pseudostyles ca.8.5 mm (vs. 4–4.5 mm) long.

Type

Vietnam, Khanh Hoa Province, Hon Ba Nature Reserve, in evergreen forest near stream, 12°06.51'N, 108°59.23'E, alt. 400 m, Tagane S., Kanemitsu H., Dang V.S., Tran H. with Hanh N., Loi X.N., Thach N.D., Dinh N., Hieu P.N.H. V1497, 12 July 2014, Fl., holotype: KYO!; isotypes: BKF!, FU!, K!, VNM!, the herbarium of Hon Ba Nature Reserve!).

Description

Small trees, 11 m tall, DBH 8 cm. Young twigs sparsely covered with brown hairs, soon glabrous, blackish when dry. Petioles 1–1.2(–1.5) cm long, 2.5–3.5 mm in diam., glabrous, black when dry. Leaf blades narrowly oblong-elliptic, 31–45 × 8.2–11.5 cm, length/width ratio 2.7–4.0, 185–225 µm thick, base acute to obtuse, margin entire, revolute when dry, apex acuminate, acumen ca. 1.5 cm long, leathery, slightly shiny above, glabrous on both surfaces; midribs impressed above, prominent below, glabrous on both surfaces, secondary veins 16–20 pairs, arising at an angle of 60–70 degrees from a midrib, prominent on both surface when dry, glabrous on both surfaces, tertiary veins distinct above, slightly distinct below. Flowers solitary, arising from main trunks and older branches, pendent; pedicels 19–25 mm long, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., glabrous; bracts 3–4, very broadly triangular to hemiorbicular, ca. 1.6 mm long, brownish pubescent outside, glabrous inside, margin sometimes ciliate. Sepals ovate-triangular, 2.2–2.8 × 2.2–2.8 cm in flower, accrescent, increasing to 3.3 × 3.8 cm in fruit, 200–210 µm thick, basally connate, greenish in vivo, glabrous outside, sparsely covered with brown hairs inside, veins reticulated, distinct outside, indistinct inside. Outer petals oblong-ovate to narrowly ovate, 6–9. 2 × 2.2–3.1 cm, length/width ratio 2.7–3.4, 380–450 µm thick, greenish, glabrescent outside, sparsely covered with short brown hairs inside, except at base velutinous, veins faintly visible outside, indistinct inside. Inner petals rhombic, 1.6 × 0.7 cm, length/width ratio ca. 1.9, 1100–2100 µm thick, greenish, pubescent outside, velutinous inside with 12–14 basal grooves. Stamens 308–336 per flower, flattened-oblong, 3.8–4.8 × 0.6 mm, glabrous; connectives long-apiculate, 1.2–1.5 mm long, apiculate length 0.5–0.9 mm long, densely covered with cream-white hairs. Carpels ca. 120 per flower; ovary 1.4–1.7 × ca. 0.3 mm, densely covered with golden-brown hairs; stigmas and pseudostyles flagellate, ca.8.5 mm long, L-shaped curved in the middle, yellowish in vivo, blackish when dry, glabrous, tip awl-shaped. Fruits with persistent calyx, fruiting pedicels 2.7 cm long, 3–4.5 mm in diam. Monocarps 22, ellipsoid, 1.6–1.7 cm long, ca. 1.0 cm in diam., base attenuate, apex apiculate, glabrous, reddish-brown, pericarp ca. 0.5 mm thick when dry; stipes 0.6–1.2 mm long, ca. 2 mm in diam., glabrous. Seeds one per monocarp, 1.5 cm long, 0.8–1.0 cm in diam., yellowish brown, glabrous, seeds with copious surrounding mucilage.

 

Figure 1. Goniothalamus flagellistylus sp. nov.
(a) Leafy branch, (b) portion of abaxial leaf surface, (c) flowers on main trunk, (d) vertical section of flowers, (e) apertures between inner petals, (f–g) mature fruit on older blanch, (h) holotype, (i) pedicel and sepals on old branch, (j) adaxial side of inner petal, (k) stamen, (l) carpel. (h–l) From Tagane et al. 1497. Scale bars (i, j) = 1 cm, (k, l) = 1 mm.

 

Figure 2. Line drawing of Goniothalamus flagellistylus sp. nov.
(a) leafy twig, (b) flower on main trunk, (c) outer petal (adaxial), (d) inner petals (ad- and abaxial), (e) Stamens, (f) Carpel. Materials from Tagane et al. V1497.

Phenology

Mature flowers and fruits were collected in July and November, respectively.

Distribution and habitat

This species is known only from Mt. Hon Ba, Khanh Hoa Province, South Vietnam. The small population was found on a slope in broad-leaved evergreen forest, ca. 100 m apart from a rapid river, where Ixonanthes reticulata Jack, Palaquium sp., Gironniera subaequalis Planch., Archidendron chevalieri (Kosterm.) I.C.Nielsen, Barringtonia augusta Kurz, Barringtonia macrostachya (Jack) Kurz, Camellia krempfii (Gagn.) Sealy, Streblus indicus (Bureau) Corner, Xerospermum noronhianum Blume and Pandanus fibrosus Gagnep. are dominated.

Other specimen examined

Vietnam, Khanh Hoa Province, Hon Ba Nature Reserve, in evergreen forest near stream, 12°06.51'N, 108°59.23'E, alt. 400 m, Toyama H., Tagane S., Dang V.S., Nagamasu H., Naiki A., Tran H., Yang C.J. with Cuong N.Q., Hieu H.N.P. V1972, 22 November 2014, Fr. (FU!, KYO!, NTU!, VNM!, the herbarium of Hon Ba Nature Reserve!).

Etymology

The specific epithet is in reference to its flexuous styles which is too long to insert straight in the pollination chamber that formed by the inner petals.

GeneBank accession No Tagane et al. V1497: LC010815 (rbcL), LC010816 (matK).

Similar species

Goniothalamus flagellistylus is morphologically similar to G. calvicarpus Craib, G. griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson, and G. tortilipetalus, all of which form a monophyletic group (Nakkuntod et al. 2009) and are characterized by relatively large sepals with distinct veins and stamens with long apiculate connectives (Saunders and Chalermglin 2008). Among the three species, G. flagellistylus is most similar to G. tortilipetalus, which is distributed in the Malay Peninsula, in having more than 200 stamens and more than 50 carpels. In fact, The BLAST similarity search based on the matK sequence of G. flagellistylus resulted in homology as high as 734/736 bp with the sequence of G. tortilipetalus (GeneBank accession no. EU715081) in the DNA database. However, as described in the diagnosis above, the two species can be easily distinguished by the number of stamens and carpels per flower, and style length (Table 1). Also, G. flagellistylus is different from G. tortilipetalus in that flowers arise not only from the main trunk but also from the older branches as in G. calvicarpus and G. griffithii (Saunders and Chalermglin 2008).

Morphological comparison between Goniothalamus flagellistylus sp. nov. and G. tortilipetalus (modified from Henderson 1933; Saunders 2003; Saunders and Chalermglin 2008).

Characters

G. flagellistylus

G. tortilipetalus

Flowers position

On main trunk and older branches

On main trunk only

Pedicel length

19–25 mm

20–37 mm

Sepals in flowering

22–28 by 22–28 mm

19–31 by 15–26 mm

Outer petals

60–92 by 22–31 mm

35–100 by 10–25 mm

Inner petal length/width ratio

1.9

2.2–3.1

Stamen number per flower

308–336

~170–260

Carpel number per flower

120

~50–100

Stigmas and pseudostyles

ca. 8.5 mm long

4–4.5 mm long

Ovary indument

densely hairy

(Very) densely hairy

Conservation status

Data deficient. Goniothalamus flagellistylus is known from a single population, including only six individuals: only one produces flowers/fruits while the others are just saplings. This situation satisfies the CR (critically endangered) status in criterion D of IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2014). However, more individuals could be found if neighboring areas are more thoroughly surveyed. Thus, we regard the conservation status as DD. In Mt. Hon Ba, large areas of primary evergreen forest below 300–400 m elevation had been cleared or selectively logged before the Hon Ba Nature Reserve established, and it is likely that some habitats of this species were lost. The forest habitat where we found G. flagellistylus remains less disturbed under a lower level of logging activities probably because of its landform of the steep slope near the rapid river. The forest in this Nature Reserve is currently protected well from anthropogenic activities, and recovering better and better. The current data available are not enough for a risk evaluation, we therefore need special attention to the individuals/populations of G. flagellistylus and its distribution.

References

Bân NT (2000) Thực vật chí Việt Nam, Vol. 1. Science and Technics Publishers, Hanoi.

Dunning LT, Savolainen V (2010) Broad-scale amplification of matK for DNA barcoding plants, a technical note. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 164: 1–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01071.x 

Finet AE, Gagnepain F (1907) Goniothalamus. In: Lecomte H, Gagnepain F (Eds) Flore générale de l’Indo-Chine. Masson, Paris, 1, 86–90.

Henderson MR (1927) Additions to the flora of the Malay Peninsula. Gardens’ Bulletin, Straits Settlements, Series 3(7): 87–127.

Hô PH (1999) Cay Co Viet Nam: An Illustrated Flora of Vietnam Vol. 1. Published by the author, Montreal.

IUCN (2014) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed 30.01.2015]

Jessup LW (1986) The genus Goniothalamus (Blume) JD Hook. & Thomson (Annonaceae) in Australia. Austrobaileya 2(3): 224–226.

Kress WJ, Erickson DL, Jones FA, Swenson NG, Perez R, Sanjur O, Bermingham E (2009) Plant DNA barcodes and a community phylogeny of a tropical forest dynamics plot in Panama. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(44): 18621–18626. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0909820106 

Kundu SR (2006) A synopsis of Annonaceae in Indian subcontinent: Its distribution and endemism. Thaiszia Journal of Botany 16: 63–85.

Mat-Salleh K (2001) New and noteworthy species of Bornean Goniothalamus (Annonaceae). Folia Malaysiana 2: 75–116.

Nakkuntod M, Su YC, Seelanan T, Saunders RMK (2009) Molecular phylogenetic and morphological evidence for the congeneric status of Goniothalamus and Richella (Annonaceae). Taxon 58(1): 127–132.

Saunders RMK (2002) The genus Goniothalamus (Annonaceae) in Sumatra. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 139(3): 225–254. doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00061.x 

Saunders RMK (2003) A synopsis of Goniothalamus species (Annonaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia, with a description of a new species. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 142(3): 321–339. doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00177.x 

Saunders RMK, Chalermglin P (2008) A synopsis of Goniothalamus species (Annonaceae) in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 156(3): 355–384. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00762.x 

Saunders RMK, Munzinger J (2007) A new species of Goniothalamus (Annonaceae) from New Caledonia, representing a significant range extension for the genus. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 155(4): 497–503. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00718.x 

Tang CC, Xue B, Saunders RMK (2013) A new species of Goniothalamus (Annonaceae) from Palawan, and a new nomenclatrual combination in the genus from Fiji. Phytokes 32: 27–35. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.32.6663 

Turner I, Saunders RMK (2008) Four new species of Goniothalamus (Annonaceae) from Borneo. Nordic Journal of Botany 26: 329–337. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2008.00359.x

Shuichiro Tagane, Son Van Dang, Tetsukazu Yahara, Hironori Toyama, Hop Tran

PhytoKeys 50: 1-8 (13 May 2015)

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